The aim of this paper is to present an assessment of the positioning of "diamond" open access (OA) journals, understanding by positioning their indexing in Web of Science and Scopus, the two indexes of academic journals that form the reference framework for the evaluation of publications, as well as of the articles and the academic performance of their authors. The intention that aims to justify this work is to promote the choice of diamond open access journals as publication journals by those authors who base their journal selection criteria on the currently predominant scheme for scientific evaluation and recognition, which is based on WoS/Scopus citation indicators. Although there is abundant literature and controversy on the biases, inconveniences and distortions caused by the unilaterally quantitative evaluation procedure and filtered by bibliometric indicators, this work aims to favor the perception of diamond OA journals in order to counteract the "Gold" open access publication based on article processing charges. The source of information for the identification and retrieval of information on OA diamond journals worldwide is the Directory of Open Access Journals. To process the information, a database was created, which is available online and whose function is to update its contents annually in order to support authors in the selection of journals for publication, with the double characteristic of international indexing and the absence of APCs.

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un balance sobre el posicionamiento de las revistas de acceso abierto (AA) “diamante”, entendiendo por posicionamiento su indización en Web of Science y Scopus, los dos índices de revistas académicas que conforman el marco de referencia para la valoración de las publicaciones, así como de los artículos y el desempeño académico de sus autores. La intención que pretende justificar esta labor es promover la elección de revistas de acceso abierto diamante como revistas de publicación por parte de aquellos autores que tienen fincado su criterio de selección de revistas en el esquema actualmente predominante en materia de evaluación y reconocimiento científico, el cual. está basado en los indicadores de citación de WoS / Scopus. No obstante que existe literatura y polémicas abundantes sobre los sesgos, inconveniencias y distorsiones que acarrea el procedimiento de evaluación unilateralmente cuantitativo y filtrados por indicadores bibliométricos, este trabajo pretende favorecer la percepción sobre las revistas AA diamante con objeto de contrarrestar la publicación en acceso abierto “ Gold”/dorado sostenido en el cobro de tarifas por publicación. La fuente de información para la identificación y recuperación de la información de las revistas AA diamante a nivel mundial es el Directory of Open Access Journals. Para el procesamiento de la información se realizó una base de datos, la cual está disponible en línea y tiene por función actualizar anualmente sus contenidos con objeto de apoyar a los autores en la selección de revistas para publicar, con la doble característica de su indización internacional. y la ausencia de cobro de APC.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma avaliação do posicionamento das revistas de acesso aberto (AA) "diamante", entendendo por posicionamento a sua indexação na Web of Science e na Scopus, os dois índices de revistas académicas que constituem o quadro de referência para a avaliação das publicações, bem como dos artigos e do desempenho académico dos seus autores. A intenção deste trabalho é promover a escolha de revistas Diamante de acesso aberto como revistas para publicação por parte dos autores que baseiam os seus critérios de seleção de revistas no esquema de avaliação e reconhecimento científico atualmente predominante, que se baseia nos indicadores de citação WoS/Scopus. Embora exista abundante literatura e controvérsia sobre os enviesamentos, desvantagens e distorções do procedimento de avaliação unilateralmente quantitativo filtrado por indicadores bibliométricos, este artigo tem como objetivo promover a perceção das revistas AA diamante de forma a contrariar a publicação de acesso aberto "Gold" baseada em taxas de processamento de artigos. A fonte de informação para a identificação e recuperação de informação sobre as revistas Diamante OA a nível mundial é o Directory of Open Access Journals. Para o tratamento da informação foi criada uma base de dados, que se encontra disponível online e cuja função é atualizar anualmente o seu conteúdo de forma a apoiar os autores na seleção de revistas para publicação, com a dupla caraterística da sua indexação internacional e da ausência de APCs.

Abstract Background: Pandemic inter-wave hospital admissions and COVID-19-related mortality rates vary greatly. Some of the factors that may be playing part in this are the profile of the patients, viral variants, pharmacological treatments, or preventive measures. This work aimed to analyze the factors associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital during 2020-2021. Methods: Retrospective cohort study with COVID-19 patients admitted to Hospital de Barbastro (Spain) during 2020-2021. Data were collected from the Spanish Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos and microbiology and electronic prescription records. Results: During the study period, 908 patients were consecutively admitted for COVID-19 (median age 70 years, 57.2% males); 162 (17.8%) patients died. We identified seven successive epidemiological waves. The following variables significantly associated to higher mortality: age, arterial hypertension, chronic renal failure, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, prior stroke, Charlson index, and wave 2; wave 4 was associated to greater survival. The multivariate analysis showed that age (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.09-1.14), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.18-4.57), wave 2 (OR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.10-6.00), and wave 3 (OR=2.94; 95% CI: 1.17-7.38) associated with higher mortality. Glucocorticoid treatment was the only protective factor (OR=0.29; 95%CI: 0.14-0.62). Conclusions: This study confirms the therapeutic utility of glucocorticoids to reduce in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19. Heterogeneous mortality rates between the different COVID-19 waves suggest a direct role of viral variants as determinants of lethality, regardless of the patient’s history.

Resumen Fundamento: Existe gran heterogeneidad en tasas de ingreso hospitalario y mortalidad derivada entre olas de COVID-19, pudiendo deberse al perfil de paciente, las variantes virológicas, los tratamientos y las medidas preventivas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores asociados a mortalidad de pacientes ingresados por infección COVID-19 hasta finales de 2021. Métodología: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes COVID-19 en el Hospital General de Barbastro durante 2020 y 2021. Los datos se obtuvieron del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD), de registros de Microbiología y de prescripción electrónica de fármacos. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio ingresaron consecutivamente 908 pacientes por COVID-19 (mediana de 70 años, 57,2% varones), de los que 162 fallecieron (17,8%). Identificamos siete olas epidemiológicas sucesivas. Las variables significativamente asociadas a una mayor mortalidad fueron: edad, antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, insuficiencia renal crónica, demencia, EPOC, insuficiencia cardiaca, ictus previo, puntuación Charlson y la ola 2; la ola 4 se asoció a mayor supervivencia. En el análisis multivariante las variables asociadas a mayor mortalidad fueron: edad (OR=1,11; IC95%: 1,09-1,14), EPOC (OR=2,33; IC95%: 1,18-4,57), y las olas 2 (OR=2,57; IC95%: 1,10-6,00) y 3 (OR=2,94; IC95%: 1,17-7,38); el tratamiento con glucocorticoides actuó como factor protector (OR=0,29; IC95%: 0,14-0,62). Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma la utilidad terapéutica de los glucocorticoides para disminuir la mortalidad hospitalaria por COVID-19. La diferente mortalidad entre las distintas olas epidemiológicas sugiere un papel directo de las variantes virológicas como determinantes de la letalidad, independientemente de los antecedentes del paciente.

ABSTRACT Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016. It is characterized by the progressive growth of nodules and granulomatous lesions on the legs, arms, and trunk. It is potentially disfiguring and causes disability or amputations in working-age people from marginalized areas. The causative agents can be fungi (eumycetoma) or actinobacteria (actinomycetoma), the latter being the most common in America and Asia. Nocardia brasiliensis is the most important causal agent of actinomycetoma in the Americas. Taxonomic problems have been reported when identifying this species, so this study aimed to detect the 16S rRNA gene variations in N. brasiliensis strains using an in silico enzymatic restriction technique. The study included strains from clinical cases of actinomycetoma in Mexico, isolated from humans and previously identified as N. brasiliensis by traditional methods. The strains were characterized microscopically and macroscopically, then subjected to DNA extraction and amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by PCR. The amplification products were sequenced, and consensus sequences were constructed and used for genetic identification and in silico restriction enzyme analysis with the New England BioLabs® NEBcutter program. All study strains were molecularly identified as N. brasiliensis; however, in silico restriction analysis detected a diversity in the restriction patterns that were finally grouped and subclassified into 7 ribotypes. This finding confirms the existence of subgroups within N. brasiliensis. The results support the need to consider N. brasiliensis as a complex species.

ABSTRACT A feeding trial was performed to assess dietary protein:lipid ratios for the grow-out phase of the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Nine balanced isoenergetic diets were formulated, combining three different protein levels (300, 400, and 500 g kg−1) with three different lipid levels (50, 100, and 200 g kg−1), designated as P300/50L, P300/100L, P300/200L, P400/50L, P400/100L, P400/200L, P500/50L, P500/100L, and P500/200L. Additionally, a commercial fish feed, commonly used in Mexico to feed bullfrogs, was also tested during the experiment. Growth performance, animal performance parameters, carcass composition, and fatty acid profiles in muscle and liver were evaluated. The feeding trial results showed that all the experimental diets enhanced growth, feed conversion ratio, and frog-leg weight compared with the commercial diet. Bullfrogs had higher growth with 400 and 500 g kg−1 of dietary protein regardless of dietary lipid content. It was also notable that with the P500/200L diet, frogs doubled the weight of those fed the commercial diet. DHA, EPA, and total omega-3 fatty acids were double in muscle and two to eight times higher in the liver compared with the commercial diet. In all cases, the final proximal composition of carcass reflected the diet composition. It is suggested that a diet containing 400 g kg−1 of protein and 50 g kg−1 lipids (protein/lipid ratio: 7.4; gross energy: 18.2 MJ kg−1) is adequate for bullfrog performance during the grow-out phase to achieve market size in a shorter period, thus, reducing farming risks and production costs.

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los compuestos sintagmáticos aparecidos en las listas de disponibilidad léxica de dos corpus diferentes: Culiacán, Sinaloa, obtenido entre 2007-2008, y San Luis Potosí, obtenido en 2017, ambos en estudiantes de secundaria dentro de los estudios de disponibilidad léxica mexicana. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en demostrar que los compuestos sintagmáticos aparecidos en dos corpus de disponibilidad léxica mexicana presentan mínima variación porcentual, a pesar de que existe una diferencia temporal de 10 años entre cada uno de ellos. La metodología aplicada es del tipo cuantitativo-contrastivo y consistió en contabilizar y clasificar los compuestos sintagmáticos de acuerdo con su estructura: [N+A]N, [A+N]N, [N+p+N]N y [N+N]N. Además, el análisis realizado permitió obtener los cinco compuestos sintagmáticos más disponibles en cada centro de interés en ambas muestras. Las conclusiones alcanzadas son que los compuestos del tipo [N+A]N y [N+p+N]N son productivos en los centros: 08, La escuela: muebles y útiles; 10, La ciudad; 14, Animales y 16, Profesiones y oficios, mientras que el compuesto del tipo [N+N]N es más productivo en los centros: 01, Partes del cuerpo; 02, La ropa: el vestido y el calzado y 03, La casa: el interior y sus partes.

Abstract In this paper the syntagmatic compounds that appeared in the lexical availability lists of two different corpora are analyzed: Culiacan, Sinaloa, from 2007-2008, and San Luis Potosí, from 2017, both concerned high school students in studies of lexical availability in Mexico. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that the syntagmatic compounds that appear in two corpora of lexical availability in Mexico present minimal percentage variation, even though there is a time difference of 10 years between them. The methodology applied is of the quantitative-contrastive type and consisted of counting and classifying the syntagmatic compounds according to their structure: [N + A] N, [A + N] N, [N + p + N] N and [N + N] N. In addition, I performed an analysis of the compounds by year of the corpus and by the five most available syntagmatic compounds in each center of interest. The conclusions reached are that [N + A] N and [N + p + N] N compounds are productive in the following centers of interest: 08, The school: furniture and supplies; 10, The city; 14, Animals and 16, Professions and trades; while the [N + N] N type compound is more productive in the following centers of interest: 01, Body parts; 02, Clothes: clothing and footwear and 03, The house: the interior and its parts.

Resumen. Los copépodos, como uno de los principales grupos que componen el zooplancton marino, juegan un papel importante por su posición en la red trófica. Se evaluó la biomasa de copépodos en un vórtice ciclónico durante 2 estaciones climáticas contrastantes en la bahía de La Paz, al sur del golfo de California, la cual se caracteriza por una alta productividad biológica. Durante 2 campañas oceanográficas en invierno de 2006 y verano de 2009, se determinó la estructura física de la columna de agua mediante un CTD y se recolectaron muestras de zooplancton mediante arrastres oblicuos. Se utilizaron datos de satélite para visualizar los patrones de distribución de clorofila a (Cla). Los resultados mostraron un vórtice ciclónico en ambas estaciones, con un diámetro de ~25 km y velocidades geostróficas >50 cm·s-1 en su periferia, con elevada Cla (~3 mg·m-3 en invierno). La máxima biomasa de calanoides ocurrió en invierno, con hasta 6.6 mg·100 m-3 en el oeste de la bahía, cerca de la costa; además, su distribución coincidió con el patrón de Cla y circulación, ya que formó un anillo siguiendo la periferia del vórtice, con un segundo pico cerca de la conexión con el golfo. Los valores medios de biomasa de copépodos mostraron un patrón de alternancia calanoides-ciclopoides entre invierno y verano dentro del vórtice ciclónico, con más biomasa de calanoides que ciclopoides en invierno y lo contrario en verano. Los resultados resaltan el impacto del vórtice en el ecosistema planctónico a través de su influencia sobre las condiciones hidrográficas en la columna de agua. Otros factores, como las interacciones ecológicas, la dinámica poblacional y los hábitos alimenticios, también pueden jugar un papel importante. El comportamiento alimentario es afectado por altas concentraciones de Cla, que representan una fuente de alimento para copépodos observados alrededor del vórtice.

Abstract. As one of the main groups comprising marine zooplankton, copepods play an important role due to their position in the trophic web. We assessed the copepod biomass in a cyclonic eddy during 2 contrasting seasons in the Bay of La Paz, southern Gulf of California, which is characterized by high biological productivity. Two oceanographic expeditions took place in the winter of 2006 and the summer of 2009; a CTD probe was used to determine the physical structure of the water column, and oblique zooplankton hauls collected zooplankton samples. Satellite data were used to visualize the chlorophyll a (Chla) distribution patterns. The results showed a well-defined cyclonic eddy in both seasons, with a diameter of ~25 km and geostrophic velocities >50 cm·s-1 in its periphery. At the edges of the eddy, Chla was high, reaching ~3 mg·m-3 in winter. The maximum calanoid copepod biomass occurred in winter, reaching 6.6 mg·100 m-3 in the western bay close to the coast; moreover, their distribution corresponded well with the Chla and circulation patterns, forming a belt shape following the periphery of the eddy, with a second peak close to the connection with the gulf. The mean values of copepod biomass exhibited a pattern with alternating calanoids-cyclopoids between winter and summer within the cyclonic eddy, with calanoid biomass higher than cyclopoid biomass in winter, which was the opposite of summer. The results highlight the impacts of the eddy on the planktonic ecosystem through its influence on the hydrographic conditions in the water column. Other factors, such as ecological interactions, population dynamics, and feeding habits, may also play a role. Feeding behavior is affected by the high concentrations of Chla, which represent a source of food for copepods observed around the eddy.

Resumen El desmembramiento del territorio de Quintana Roo, y su restablecimiento durante el gobierno cardenista establecieron las bases para que Payo Obispo iniciara su desarrollo como ciudad y capital del territorio; al mismo tiempo cambió su nombre por el de Chetumal. La destrucción de la ciudad ocasionada por el paso del huracán Janet, dio la oportunidad para reconstruir la ciudad y establecer las instituciones de salud actuales. En esta segunda parte, expondremos las contribuciones de la medicina militar a la capital de Quintana Roo en la segunda mitad del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI.

Abstract The partition of the Territory of Quintana Roo, and its reestablishment during the government of the president Cardenas established the bases for Payo Obispo`s city to begin its development as a capital of the territory; at the same time it was renaimed as Chetumal. The destruction of the city caused by the passage of Hurricane Janet, gave the opportunity to rebuild the city and establish the current health institutions. In this second part, we will expose the contributions of military medicine to the capital of Quintana Roo, in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The strengths and potentialities of the Cuban family medicine model have had an indisputable impact on our population; facing today, the challenge of renewing itself and at the same time maintaining and strengthening its foundational ideas. Objectives: To identify the foundational ideas of the Cuban Family Medicine Model and to assess its current situation. Methods: A qualitative research was carried out. An initial report was elaborated by a group of founders and specialists of the Department of Primary Health Care of the Ministry of Public Health, on the foundational ideas of the Family Medicine Program in Cuba. It was discussed in a focal group of experts, in three working sessions, providing criteria on the current situation of these ideas. Results: The main foundational ideas of the program were identified. Conclusions: The Cuban Family Medicine model responds essentially to the initial conceptualization of the Family Doctor and Nurse Practitioner Program. Some of its foundational ideas need revitalization, others need improvement or renovation. There are situations that can be addressed immediately, others that need reflection and contextualization to the current situation and to be carried out over a longer period of time. However, the quality of care and above all the satisfaction of the population demand action.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las fortalezas y potencialidades del programa de medicina familiar cubano han tenido un indiscutible impacto en nuestra población; se enfrenta hoy al desafío de renovarse y al mismo tiempo mantener y fortalecer sus ideas fundacionales. Objetivos: Identificar las ideas fundacionales del modelo de medicina familiar cubano y valorar su situación actual. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa. Se elaboró informe inicial, por grupo de fundadores y de especialistas del Departamento de Atención Primaria de Salud del Ministerio de Salud Pública, sobre ideas fundacionales del programa de medicina familiar de Cuba. Se discutió en grupo focal de expertos, en tres sesiones de trabajo, y se aportaron criterios sobre situación actual de estas ideas. Resultados: Se identificaron las principales ideas fundacionales del programa. Conclusiones: El programa de medicina familiar cubano responde esencialmente a la conceptualización inicial del Programa del Médico y Enfermera de la Familia. Algunas de sus ideas fundacionales necesitan de una revitalización, otras de un perfeccionamiento o renovación. Hay situaciones que pueden ser abordadas de inmediato, otras que necesitan de reflexión y contextualización en la situación actual y llevarse a cabo en un mayor plazo. No obstante, la calidad de la atención y sobre todo la satisfacción de la población reclaman actuar.

Abstract Following the argument that the likelihood of observing expansive fiscal policy increases under left-wing governments whereas right-wing ones tend to enforce restrictive fiscal policies, this article examines the relationship between ideological positions in Latin American parliamentary elites and fiscal policy, concentrating on the Left-Right continuum. The multiple correspondence analysis of 99 legislatures and 18 countries between 1994 and 2019 shows that Left-Right semantics do not determine stances on fiscal policy. Our findings confirm that regardless of ideological orientation, controlling tax evasion is considered a fiscal reform priority.

Resumen Bajo el argumento de que la probabilidad de observar políticas fiscales expansivas es mayor con los gobiernos de izquierda, mientras que los gobiernos de derecha tienen más probabilidades de llevar a cabo una política fiscal restrictiva, este artículo examina la relación entre los posicionamientos ideológicos de las élites parlamentarias latinoamericanas y la fiscalidad, centrándose en el continuo izquierda-derecha. El análisis de correspondencias múltiples de la base de datos de 99 legislaturas y 18 países durante el periodo 1994-2019, revela que la semántica izquierda-derecha no determina los posicionamientos en política fiscal. Nuestros hallazgos confirman que, independientemente de la orientación ideológica, el control a la evasión se considera una medida prioritaria de reforma fiscal.

Resumen: Introducción: En diciembre 2019 se reportó el primer caso de neumonía atípica en China, causado por SARS-CoV-2, la cual afecta principalmente el tracto respiratorio. Nuevos estudios han reportado síntomas gastrointestinales como manifestación primaria del COVID-19, pero existen pocos reportes que hayan relacionado al SARS-CoV-2 con pancreatitis aguda. Objetivo: Describir la aparición de pancreatitis y su correlación con el resto de las manifestaciones clínicas, así como considerar al páncreas como órgano blanco del virus, que pudiera empeorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, trasversal, retrospectivo, no experimental de tipo serie de casos, realizado del 15 de marzo al 25 de mayo del 2020. El área de estudio corresponde a todos los pacientes que ingresaron a terapia intensiva con diagnóstico por PCR de COVID-19. Las variables estudiadas se recopilaron del expediente clínico. Resultados: Se estudiaron 30 pacientes de terapia intensiva, de los cuales ocho presentaron datos bioquímicos y tomográficos compatibles con pancreatitis aguda, todos presentaron linfopenia, elevación de amilasa y lipasa, hiperbilirrubinemia a expensas de directa; sólo un caso demostró litiasis vesicular sin ser la causa de pancreatitis, se utilizaron SOFA y APACHE para estadificar la gravedad, fallecieron todos con un promedio de 9.8 días en terapia intensiva.

Abstract: Introduction: In December 2019 the first atypical pneumonia case was reported in China; caused by SARS-CoV-2. It affects mainly the respiratory tract. New studies have reported gastrointestinal symptoms as initial manifestations of COVID-19 infection and there are few reports that have linked SARS-CoV-2 to the occurrence of acute pancreatitis. Objective: To describe the appearance of pancreatitis and its correlation with the rest of the clinical manifestations, and consider the pancreas as a target organ of this virus, which could worsen the prognosis of these patients. Material and methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, non-experimental case series study conducted from March 15 to May 25, 2020. The study area corresponds to all patients who entered the intensive care area with COVID-19 PCR diagnosis. The variables studied were collected from the clinical file. Results: From thirty patients in the intensive care, eight of them presented laboratory and CT scan data compatible with acute pancreatitis. All cases have lymphopenia, the elevation of amylase and lipase, hyperbilirubinemia, and only one case showed vesicular lithiasis without demonstrating the cause of pancreatitis. It was used to stage the severity SOFA and APACHE score, all patients died in an average of days of stay in intensive care of 9.8.

ABSTRACT: Considering that the educational models respond to the type of individuals and society that one wants to form, the present study investigates about the relations of correspondence between two approaches that have been installed in our society for a few decades and that cohabit in the classrooms of schools belonging to the Valparaiso region, namely, assessment by competencies and evaluation for educational inclusion. For this purpose, 268 teachers from schools where competency curriculum was established and 25 teachers from a school self-defined as inclusive were interviewed. It is expected to determine the compatibility and coherence between the evaluation strategies and instruments of both approaches. As a product of the present study, an instrument will be proposed that makes it possible to evaluate both competencies and educational inclusion simultaneously in the classroom.

RESUMEN: Considerando que los modelos educativos responden al tipo de individuos y de sociedad que se quiere formar, el presente estudio indaga respecto de las relaciones de correspondencia entre dos enfoques que se han instalado en nuestra sociedad desde hace algunas décadas y que cohabitan en las aulas de escuelas pertenecientes a la región de Valparaíso, a saber, la evaluación por competencias y la evaluación para la inclusión educativa. Para tal efecto se ha encuestado a 268 docentes de escuelas en las que se instauró un currículo por competencias y a 25 docentes de una escuela autodefinida como inclusiva. Se espera determinar la compatibilidad y coherencia entre las estrategias e instrumentos evaluativos de ambos enfoques. Como producto del presente estudio, se propondrá un instrumento que posibilite evaluar tanto las competencias como en la inclusión educativa de manera simultánea en el aula.

Abstract Forest landscape structure comprises a mosaic of natural and human-modified units, which when well depicted, may help to plan and implement forest management policies, which commonly assume territorial homogeneity. Usually, forest policies lack the use of spatial tools that can help scale up conservation program in heterogeneous forested landscapes. This paper applied a conceptual-methodological framework as baseline to guide regional strategies and scale-up community collective action based on local forestry ejidos and communities. The study case was conducted in the Mixteca Alta, a forestry region in Oaxaca, Mexico, where common property prevails. Zoning was made based on biophysical, social, and forest management criteria. A total of 97 communities were surveyed and the region was disaggregated into five zones based on precipitation, watersheds, community forest management experience and level of regional collective action. Each zone was recognized as having different forestry potentials and intervention needs, ranging from restoration to timber and non-timber product management. This zoning proved the potential to guide forest projects and promote joint regional forest development. The potential use of landscape zoning was discussed in the light of the current need for scale-up forest policies.

Resumen La estructura del paisaje forestal abarca un mosaico de unidades naturales y modificadas por el hombre, que bien representadas pueden ayudar a planificar e implementar políticas de gestión forestal, que comúnmente asumen la homogeneidad territorial. Por lo general, las políticas forestales carecen del uso de herramientas espaciales que puedan ayudar a ampliar el programa de conservación en paisajes forestales heterogéneos. En este trabajo se aplicó un marco conceptual-metodológico como línea de base para orientar las estrategias regionales y escalar la acción colectiva comunitaria basada en los ejidos y comunidades forestales locales. El caso de estudio se realizó en la Mixteca Alta, una región forestal de Oaxaca, México, donde prevalece la propiedad comunal. La zonificación se hizo con base en criterios biofísicos, sociales y de manejo forestal. Se encuestó a un total de 97 comunidades y se desagregó la región en cinco zonas en función de las precipitaciones, las cuencas hidrográficas, la experiencia en gestión forestal comunitaria y el nivel de acción colectiva regional. Se reconoció que cada zona tenía diferentes potenciales forestales y necesidades de intervención, que van desde la restauración hasta la gestión de productos madereros y no madereros. Esta zonificación demostró su potencial para orientar los proyectos forestales y promover el desarrollo forestal regional conjunto. El uso potencial de la zonificación del paisaje se debatió a la luz de la necesidad actual de ampliar las políticas forestales.

ABSTRACT Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is an endemic disease in several Mexican States with the main endemic areas located in the South-Southeast region of the country, where 90% of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana cases are registered. The Southeast region is located in the Yucatan Peninsula, including Campeche, Quintana Roo and Yucatan States. Campeche and Quintana Roo register more than 60% of the cases in the country each year, while in Yucatan the reports are of imported cases due to residents traveling to endemic areas. However, since 2015, autochthonous cases have been diagnosed by health authorities in municipalities with no previous transmission records. We aimed to identify Leishmania parasite species involved in autochthonous cases by means of the PCR technique. The present study included 13 autochthonous cases of LCL with clinical and parasitological diagnoses during 2018 and 2019 by health authorities, without specific identification of the causal agent. Tissue samples were taken by scraping the margins of active lesions and then they were spotted onto an FTATM Elute Microcard. Next, DNA was eluted and used for PCR amplification of specific Leishmania genus and L. (L.) mexicana species-specific fragments. Molecular analysis showed evidence that L. (L.) mexicana was the causal agent of LCL in 12 of the 13 patients; in one patient, PCR was not performed due to the patient’s refusal to participate in the study. Identifying Leishmania species that cause LCL is necessary to define efficient treatment schemes and control strategies for the disease in vulnerable and susceptible areas of the Yucatan State’s municipalities.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the diabetic patient is mainly a consequence of long-term diabetes mellitus itself. In Mexico approximately 50% of patients on dialysis are diabetics and this will could increase in the coming years. New therapeutic options available, combined with lifestyle changes, have improved glycemic control and may contribute to delay the onset as well as the progression of CKD. International scientific societies have developed clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of CKD in diabetics, although in some points, these recommendations are not adapted to the Mexican reality. We hereby present the conclusions of the consensus reached by Mexican specialists on diabetic nephropathy.

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) del paciente diabético es frecuentemente una consecuencia directa de la diabetes mellitus (DM) de larga evolución y se la conoce como nefropatía diabética. En México cerca del 50% de los pacientes en terapia sustitutiva de la función renal tienen ERC por DM, y este porcentaje podría aumentar en los próximos años. Nuevas opciones terapéuticas, combinadas con cambios en el estilo de vida, han mejorado el control de la glucemia y pueden contribuir sustancialmente a retrasar la aparición o la progresión a estadios avanzados de la ERC. Las sociedades científicas internacionales han elaborado guías clínicas para el diagnóstico y manejo de la nefropatía diabética, sin embargo, en algunos puntos estas recomendaciones no se adaptan a la realidad mexicana. Se presentan las conclusiones de un consenso realizado por especialistas mexicanos sobre diabetes y ERC, con especial énfasis en el uso de los inhibidores del cotransportador de sodio-glucosa.

ABSTRACT Background: Tree height is an important variable in forestry, as it is commonly used to estimate volume and biomass, and to evaluate site productivity. In this study, we developed four generalized equations to model height-diameter ( h-d) relationships for coniferous and broadleaf species. For this purpose, we used information from 49 permanent sampling plots located in the natural forests of Puebla, Mexico. Non-linear fixed and mixed-effects modeling approaches were used to fit generalized versions of the Gompertz function to Pinus patula and the Pinus group, the Näslund function to Abies religiosa, and the Curtis function to the Quercus group. Results: Stand variables included in the models were the number of trees per hectare ( N), quadratic mean diameter ( dg), and basal area per hectare ( G). The results showed a model efficiency (EF) = 0.91 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.04 for P. patula, as well as an EF = 0.91 and RMSE = 1.63 for the Pinus group. The EF and RMSE for Abies religiosa were 0.88 and 2.21, while for the Quercus group these values were 0.72 and 1.9, respectively. From the mixed-effects model calibration, only a sub-sample of three trees from different quantiles of the diameter distribution is required to make accurate predictions. No stand-level variables related to tree height are included in any of the selected models, thus no additional measurements beyond tree diameter are required. Conclusion: Compared to conventional non-linear least squares (ONLS), mixed-effects models are more flexible and accurate and represent a new tool for sustainable forest management of natural forests in the study area.